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QUESTION 1Qualitative research is likely to prove most efficient when the research objective is to:find the average number of cups of coffee taken by the employees of a particular organizationdetermine the magnitude of a responsecalculate the mode of a set of numerical dataunderstand a cultural phenomenoncalculate the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responses10 points QUESTION 2Which of the following statements applies to qualitative analysis?It does not employ the member checking methodIt mainly deals with textual dataIts goal is to quantify the magnitude of variablesQualitative analysis is non-iterativeQualitative analysis is not inductive10 points QUESTION 3The difference between quantitative and qualitative analyses is that:the data used in qualitative analyses is numerical in naturequalitative data quantifies the magnitude of variablesquantitative analysis tends to be ongoing and iterativequantitative analysis involves employ member checkingqualitative data analysis is largely inductive10 points QUESTION 4Grace, an ethnographer, observes the traditional way of serving dinner in a Chinese household and makes a note of it in her journal. She then asks the head of the family to read her description to verify that it is accurate. In doing this, Grace is involved in: member checkingtest marketingdata categorizationmemo check backtriangulation10 points QUESTION 5A researcher is involved in the process of reading transcripts from a field study and categorizing the data. The researcher arranges similar responses together. This process is referred to as: data reductionmember checkingpeer reviewingverification of datasugging10 points QUESTION 6Which of the following is true about negative case analysis?It helps to establish boundaries and conditions for the theories developed by qualitative researchersIt mainly involves the determination of mean in numerical dataNegative case analysis is are restricted to the data reduction stage of qualitative analysesIt primarily calculates the range of a given quantitative dataNegative case analysis is are restricted to the memoing stage of qualitative analyses10 points QUESTION 7While preparing a data display for a qualitative study, a researcher draws a picture that shows the collective connections that informants make between concepts and ideas. This is most likely an example of a:causal diagramtree displayconsensus maprecursive diagramchecklist10 points QUESTION 8In order to establish the emic validity of his/her research findings, a researcher must primarily show that: similar results have been reported by others working independently on the problemsimilar results can be obtained if the study were to be repeatedkey members of the group included in the study agreed with the findings of the studythe findings of the study can be generalizedthe research methodology of the study complies with the necessary research standards10 points QUESTION 9Lisa conducts a qualitative study of people’s online shopping behavior. She compares her results to that of similar studies and finds a similarity in coding across multiple studies. On the basis of the given information, we can say that Lisa’s study:has emic validityhas cross-researcher cultural reliabilityis not generalizableis quantifiableis not credible10 points QUESTION 10Credibility is best defined as the:degree to which a specific investigated issue leads the respondent to give a socially expected responselevel of preparation required to create an appropriate environment for the respondents participating in a researchdegree of rigor, believability, and trustworthiness established by qualitative researchdegree to which research data is qualitative or quantitative in naturedegree to which results of a research are socially acceptable10 points QUESTION 11When writing a research report, which of the following sections typically includes the literature review? IntroductionAnalysis of the data/findingsConclusions and recommendationsDescription of research methodsResearch objectives10 points QUESTION 12While preparing data, Shania identifies a number of tasks that have to be performed. Which of the following should she begin with?Data validationEditing and codingData analysisData entryData tabulation10 points QUESTION 13An example of fraud in the data validation process is when the interviewer:contacts the respondent simply to get a name and address and then proceeds to falsify the interview.misrepresents himself/herself to the respondentdoes not submit all the data collected during the collection processunconsciously or not, injects a tone of negativitydistributes the data collected to various organizations thereby violating confidentiality agreements.10 points QUESTION 14Which of the following is permissible in the process of validation?An interviewer may inject a tone of negativity into the interviewing processA researcher may contact the respondent to reaffirm the negativity of the interviewerTo determine the correctness of the interview, a researcher can recontact a sample of respondents and ask about questions from different parts of the questionnaireIn order to speed through the interview, an interviewer may choose to not follow the specific procedure for collecting data from respondentsIf an interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the respondent can skip those questions10 points QUESTION 15Which of the following is true of skip questions?In order to speed through the data collection process, an interviewer may ask the respondent a few skip questionsIf the interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, he/she can recontact respondents and verify their responses to skip questionsIf the interviewer (or respondent on a self-administered survey) fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the respondent can skip those questionsIf a respondent on a self-administered survey fails to follow instructions for skip questions, the interviewer may inject a tone of negativity into the interviewing process.Skip questions are a problem with online surveys since the computer controls the sequence of answering questions10 points QUESTION 16Which of the following is true of coding?The process of coding begins by assigning a numerical value as a codeFor open-ended questions, a coding process should be prepared before collecting dataWhen reviewing responses to open-ended questions, the researcher attaches a value from the developed response listCoding makes subsequent analysis tougher as the researcher will find it difficult to interpret averages if higher values occur as the average moves from “dislike” to “like.”Assigning a coded value to missing data should be avoided by researchers10 points QUESTION 17In the four-step process of developing codes for responses, in which stage does one address the issue of missing data?Consolidation of responsesGenerating a list of potential responsesCompleting the partial responses with best judgment responsesAssigning a value to each responseAssigning a numerical value as a code10 points QUESTION 18The first step in error detection is to:reject an error value when it is very large or very small for a particular scaled item on the questionnaire.determine whether the software used for data entry performs “error edit routines” that identify the wrong type of datacategorize the number of errors to two or more questions, thus showing the

relationship between those two variablesdetermine the amount of nonresponse to individual questionsidentify the number of respondents who did not answer various questions on the questionnaire10 points QUESTION 19The simple process of counting the number of observations (cases) that are classified into certain categories is known as _____.tabulationeditingscreeningvalidationdata entry10 points QUESTION 20Which of the following measures is an indicator of how similar or dissimilar the numbers are in the set of responses?Cross-tabulationsMeanMedianModeStandard deviation10 points QUESTION 21Which of the following is true of the mean?It is a qualitative measureIt The mean is greatly affected by the addition and deletion of dataIt is the distance between the smallest and largest values in a set of responsesit the mean can be distorted if when extreme values are included in the distributionIt is the value that appears in the distribution most often10 points QUESTION 22Which of the following measures of central tendency is especially useful when measuring ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left?MeanMedianModeStandard DeviationVariance10 points QUESTION 23A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years. The measure that would most accurately answer this question is: MeanMedianModeRangeStandard deviation10 points QUESTION 24Which of the following statements is true regarding hypothesis?Hypotheses can be derived from current business situation but not from previous research theoryA hypothesis is a proven suppositionA hypothesis is typically developed after data collectionThe alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between the group meansThe null hypothesis is typically not tested10 points QUESTION 25Which of the following statements is true regarding statistical techniques?When researchers need to examine multiple variables, a univariate statistical technique is requiredFor nominal data, the mean is the most appropriate measure of central tendencyParametric statistics are appropriate when the data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is largeParametric statistics are used in the case of a normal distribution that cannot be assumedWith ordinal data, the mode is the most appropriate measure of central tendency10 points QUESTION 26Which of the following statements is true about cross-tabulation?Cross-tabulation tables show percentage calculations based on row variable totalsIt cannot determine whether differences exist among subgroups of the total sample.Demographic variables are typically used as rows and other research variables are used as columns in cross-tabulationIt reports absolute frequencies but not percentagesThe selection of variables for cross-tabulation should be driven by the objectives of the research study10 points QUESTION 27Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is true? Chi-square analysis compares the observed frequencies of the responses with the expected frequenciesWhen the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must accept the null hypothesisThe larger the Chi-square, the less likely it is that the two variables that are measured are relatedThe expected frequencies in a Chi-square cannot be calculated theoreticallyCategorical data from questions about sex, education, or other nominal variables cannot be tested with this statistic10 points QUESTION 28Which of the following statements is true about the t-test?The t-test provides a mathematical way of determining if the difference between the two sample means occurred by chanceThe larger the value of the standard error of the difference between the two means, the larger the value of t.The t-test cannot be used when the population standard deviation is unknownIn order to conduct a t-test, the sample size should be larger than 30The t-test cannot be used for interval or ratio data10 points QUESTION 29In the context of the analysis of variance, which of the following is true?It can determine the statistical difference between three or more meansIt requires that the dependent variable be nonmetricIt requires that the independent variable not be categoricalThe null hypothesis for ANOVA always states that there is a difference between the dependent variable groupsIt requires that the dependent variable be categorical10 points QUESTION 30In the context of ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater? When the variance within groups is zeroWhen the variance across groups is very low while the variance within groups is very highWhen the variance across groups is the same as that within groupsWhen the variance across groups is significantly higher compared to that within groupsWhen the variance across groups is a negative integer and the variance within groups is a positive integer10 points QUESTION 31Which of the following statements about the Scheffé test is correct? If the difference between each pair of means falls inside the range of the confidence interval, then the null hypothesis is rejectedIf the difference between each pair of means falls outside the range of the confidence interval, it can be concluded that the pairs of means are statistically similarIt is equivalent to simultaneous two-tailed hypothesis testsThe confidence intervals tend to be narrower in this method than in other methodsThe test identifies differences between all pairs of means at high confidence interval ranges but not at between low confidence interval ranges10 points QUESTION 32The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a(n): deviationmodevariancerangeaverage10 points QUESTION 33Variance is: the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of valuesan empirically testable statement that is an unproven supposition developed in order to explain phenomenaa statement that asserts the status quo; that is, any change from what has been thought to be true is due to random sampling ordera statement that is the opposite of the null hypothesisthe error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true10 points QUESTION 34Which of the following statements is true regarding hypothesis?Hypotheses can be derived from current business situation but not from previous research theoryA hypothesis is a proven suppositionA hypothesis is typically developed after data collectionThe alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between the group meansThe null hypothesis is typically not tested10 points QUESTION 35The introduction section of a research report usually includes:a literature reviewdata displaysa summary of the findingsrecommendationsresearch questions10 points QUESTION 36Which of the following is generally included in the last section of the research report?Literature reviewData displaysSummary of the findingsRecommendationsResearch questions10 points QUESTION 37Which of the following statements about verbatims is true?One can use verbatims in the textual report but not in live presentationsResearchers should select verbatims that are more memorable rather than revealing of patterns in their dataVerbatims are quotes from fellow researchers who are not directly involved in the studyVerbatims can be used to underscore important pointsVerbatims are quotes from the researcher who conducts a particular study10 points QUESTION 38