In the u.s. legal system, a defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty. Consider a null hypothesis, Ho, that the defendant is innocent, and an alternative hypothesis, HI, that the defendant is guilty. A jury has two possible decisions: Convict the defendant (i.e., reject the null hypothesis) or do not convict the defendant (i.e., do not reject the null hypothesis). Explain the meaning of the risks of committing either a Type I or Type Question 9.10 Suppose the defendant in Problem 9.9 is presumed guilty until proven innocent, as in some other judicial systems. How do the null and alternative hypotheses differ from those in Problem 9. 9? What are the meanings of the risks of committing either a Type I or Type II error here? Question 9.11 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for approving new drugs. Many consumer groups f
eel that the approval process is too easy and, therefore, too many drugs are approved that are later found to be unsafe. On the other hand, a number of industry lobbyists have pushed for a more lenient approval process so that pharmaceutical companies can get new drugs approved more easily and quickly (data extracted from R. Sharpe, “FDA Tries to Find Right Balance on Drug Approvals,” The Wall Street Journal, April 20, 1999, p. A24). Consider a null hypothesis that a new, unapproved drug is unsafe and an alternative hypothesis that a new, unapproved drug is safe. a. Explain the risks of committing a Type I or Type II error. Which type of error are the consumer groups trying to avoid? Explain. c. Which type of error are the industry lobbyists trying to avoid? Explain. d. How would it be possible to lower the chances of both Type I and Type II errors