Exam #2 Study Guide Chapter 4 Define Descriptive Epidemiology Answers who, what, when, where Different descriptive study designs define, compare/contrast, identify strengths/weaknesses of each study design Ecologic study What is the ecologic fallacy? Case Report and Case Series Cross-Sectional Surveys Serial surveys Kinds of data in descriptive epidemiology Nominal Ordinal Discrete Continuous Be able to define/identify/calculate (where applicable) and interpret the following: What is a ratio? A proportion? A rate? Incidence-density rates (person-time rate) Attack rate (cumulative incidence rate) Prevalence rate Crude and age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates Rationale for adjustments How to adjust Direct Method Indirect Method Standardized Morbidity (or Mortality) Ratio (SMR) Numerical methods to present epidemiological data Measures of central tendency Mean, median, mode Measures of dispersion Range, standard deviation Empirical rule (see p. 105-106) Measures of statistical association Correlation co-efficient Chapter 5 Descriptive epidemiology and person, place, time Why is descriptive epidemiology helpful for health care administrators and/or health education specialists? Person Age Population pyramids Sha
pes of pyramids indicative of birth rates, mortality rates, socio-economic factors, etc. Dependency ratio what is it, and its importance? Gender Race/Ethnicity Marital/family status Family structure Occupation Education Place How can utilize data based on place? Time trends compare/contrast Secular trends Cyclic patterns Season trends Chapter 6 General Health and Population Indicators Be able to identify/define/calculate (where applicable) and interpret the following health indicators: Birth Birth rate Fertility rate Total fertility rate Contraceptive prevalence Mortality Three things that generally cause death (see p. 159) Who certifies a death? Cause of death and death certificate data What data are on a death certificate? Types of mortality rates Crude mortality rate Cause-specific mortality rate Infant mortality rate Why is this a major health status indicator? Neonatal mortality rate Post neonatal mortality rate Perinatal mortality rate Fetal death rate (stillbirth) Abortion rate Maternal mortality rate Why is this a major health status indicator? Proportional mortality ratio (PMR) Case fatality ratio (CFR) Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) How to calculate YPLL? YPLL Rate why use YPLL rate?